Many interventions occur in settings where treatments are applied to groups. For example, a math intervention may be implemented for all students in some schools and withheld from students in other schools. When such treatments are non-randomly …
Many interventions in education occur in settings where treatments are applied to groups. For example, a reading intervention may be implemented for all students in some schools and withheld from students in other schools. When such treatments are …
Clustered observational studies (COSs) are a critical analytic tool for educational effectiveness research. We present a design framework for the development and critique of COSs. The framework is built on the counterfactual model for causal …